Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)
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CVID, known as Common Variable Immunodeficiency, is a genetic condition that impacts the immune system, leading to reduced levels of infection–fighting proteins. Those affected by CVID often experience recurrent infections in the ears, sinuses, and respiratory system. Additionally, this disorder heightens the potential for developing digestive complications and cancer. The insufficient presence of these antibodies in the body can result in frequent infections.
CVID is categorized as a primary immunodeficiency disease (PIDD), which comprises a group of genetic disorders characterized by impaired immune system function.
When CVID is diagnosed, physicians typically prescribe immunoglobulin (IgG) replacement therapy with the aim of preventing infections.
Symptoms
Symptoms of CVID vary for each individual and can range from mild to severe. Certain signs and symptoms of CVID include:
- Difficulty breathing
- Chronic cough
- Diarrhea leading to weight loss.
- Ear infections
- Recurrent sinus infections
- Recurrent lung infections
- Recurrent gastrointestinal infections
Causes
The exact cause of CVID is not known in most cases. About 10% of individuals with CVID have a recognized genetic mutation. Experts think that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of the condition. However, the specific environmental factors involved are currently not well–defined.
Risk factors
CVID might start during childhood or adolescence, but it often goes unnoticed until adulthood. Typically, doctors identify this disorder when a person is between 20 and 50 years old.
Diagnosis
When signs of an immune disorder or uncommon reactions to vaccines arise, doctors may consider CVID as a potential explanation. To investigate, the doctor will:
- Inquire about family medical history.
- Conduct blood tests: These tests can reveal CVID indicators, such as low IgG levels. Furthermore, they aid in evaluating the immune system’s efficiency.
In addition, the doctor could administer an alternative vaccine to observe the body’s response, facilitating further assessment.
Treatment
CVID has no cure. However, continuous treatment may help individuals manage the condition and are able to lead active lives. Common treatments for CVID include:
- Immunoglobulin (IgG) replacement therapy: People requiring IgG therapy receive it continuously in order to prevent infections. This treatment involves replacing the deficient immunoglobulin with antibodies sourced from a group of healthy donors’ blood. The administration of this treatment is either intravenous (through a needle inserted into the vein) or through an injection beneath the skin (subcutaneous).
- Antibiotics: These are used to treat infections associated with CVID.
